Pepsin (E.C.3.4.23.1) is a juice gastric aspartic proteinase. It belongs to hydrolyses family. Its monomeris structure is consisting of two lobes that they are similar in size and folding. It consists of a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 34644 Dalton and 327 amino acids. Structural analysis shows that pepsin contains 1.2% basic residues, 13.1% acidic residues, 46.5% polar residues and 39.2% hydrophobic residues. Structural stability of pepsin was investigated by UV-VIS spectrophotometer and spectrophlorimetry. Spectral measurements were made by sodium phosphate buffer (.02M) at pH: 2 and temperatures between 30 and 100oC. It was observed that 1. High considerable enzyme stability, 2. Enzyme stability decreases in the presence of urea at pH: 2. 3. Thermodynamic parameters decline in the presence of urea. 4. Florescence intensity increase in the presence of urea.

In this research DFT/B3LYP method has been employed to investigate the geometrical structures, relative stabilities, and electronic properties of Cun (n=3–10) clusters for clarifying the effect of size on the properties. Through a careful analysis of the successive binding energies, second-order difference of energy and the highest occupied-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy gaps as a function of cluster size, an odd-even alternative phenomenon has been observed. The results show that the clusters with even number of copper atoms present relatively higher stabilities.

In this paper, a new method is proposed for fuzzy Structural reliability analysis; it considers epistemic uncertainty arising from the statistical ambiguity of random variables. The proposed method, namely, fuzzy dynamic-directional stability transformation method, includes two iterative loops. An internal algorithm performs the reliability analysis using the dynamicdirectional stability transformation method and an external algorithm performs the fuzzy analysis by applying the alpha-cut level optimization method based on the genetic algorithm. Implementation of the proposed method, which solves some nonlinear performance functions, indicates the efficiency and robustness of the dynamic-directional stability transformation method, as compared to other first order reliability methods.

In this paper epistemic uncertainty of random variables in the reliability analysis of Adjusted stability Transformation Method has been modeled and fuzzy Structural reliability index has been determined using GA. In the reliability analysis process, a dynamic adaptive approach based on stability transformation method has been applied which the control coefficient is self-adapted at each iteration. Moreover in order to investigate the importance of epistemic uncertainty in the fuzzy Structural reliability index, sensitivity analysis using Entropy-Shannon has been done. Survey results of three Structural examples indicate that the proposed reliability method provides stable results with suitable computational efficiency. The sensitivity of failure probability to epistemic uncertainty has shown a considerable effect on the Structural reliability in some problems.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using portulaca oleracea as a source of plant antioxidants for feeding fattening male lambs, on carcass traits, meat quality, and oxidative stability. Twenty-one male lambs with an average weight of 24±1.5 kg and 150±15 days old were fed with one of the experimental rations included a diet without portulaca oleracea as control, a diet containing 7.5%, and a diet containing 15% portulaca oleracea, for 84 days. The muscle (Longissimus dorsi) samplewas used to determine pH, chemical composition, colorimetric properties, and oxidative stability of meat. Meat lipid oxidation was determined after 1, 7, and 30 days of refrigerated storage using thiobarbituric acid (TBARS). The use of portulaca oleracea in diets improved meat color characteristics such as L, chroma, and Hue. The highest ash concentration and the lowest meat moisture were observed in the treatment of 15% portulaca oleracea (P<0.05). Meat pH was the lowest in the first hour after slaughter but did not differ at 24 h. Compared to the control, in both treatment groups feeding the lambs with portulaca significantly reduced the concentration of Malondialdehyde in the meat of the lambs and increased the meat oxidative stability (P<0.05). The results of this experiment showed that feeding portulaca oleracea by improving properties such as color and increasing the meat oxidative stability improves meat quality, which may have lead to an increase in its nutritional value in terms of human health.

The interaction between Human Serum Albumin (HSA) and linolenic acid (LA) as unsaturated fatty acid have been investigated by the methods of UV-VIS spectrophotometer, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and ELISA test. The thermodynamic parameters were assessed from thermal and chemical denaturation of the HSA with and without presence of LA. In thermal denaturation the magnitudes of Tm and ΔG0 (298K) were obtained 327.7 K and 88 kJ/mol for sole HSA and 313.23 K and 86 kJ/mol for its treatment by 10 mM LA. The same manner of reduction in Gibbs free energy as the criterion of protein stability was achieved in chemical denaturation by urea in the presence of LA. The interaction of LA with HSA was emphasized after its competition with L-thyroxin through ELISA assay. Although the regular secondary structure of HSA by CD showed a minor change after incubation with LA, its tertiary structure revealed an observable fluctuation. Thus, it seems, that the interaction of LA with HSA needs a minor instability and partially change of its structure.

Performance measure approach (PMA) is a method for evaluating the probabilistic constraints in reliability-based design optimization of structures. The advanced mean-value (AMV) method is suitable for PMA, simply and efficiently. The iterative AMV scheme could be yielded to unstable solutions such as periodic-oscillation and chaos for highly nonlinear performance functions. In the present paper, an improved stability transformation method (ISTM) is proposed for appropriate convergence of nonlinear performance functions. This iterative approach has been established based on a suitable stepsize between one and zero that is simply calculated on the basis of the new results of AMV scheme and the previous results of the improved stability transformation iterative formula. The descent condition was applied in the iterative sequences of the ISTM to achieve stable convergence. The results of several nonlinear performance functions in reliability-based design optimization demonstrate that the ISTM is laded to control instability solutions of PMA and also, it is more robust than AMV and more efficient that stability transformation method in Structural problems with nonlinear performance functions.